Evidence

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main points

• demonstration effect on three different group

1. civilians
2. insurgents
3. iranian

main points

1. how authoritarian states operate
2. regime is in trouble
3. regime uses fear tactic
4. fear tactic produces a demonstration effect
5. demonstration effect increase real and perceived power

main points

1. the effect of the demonstration effect was two fold # it was an effective tool to choke of the supply system of the insurgents through depopulation
2. and delegitimized the insurgency through collective punishment
3. the delegitimizing nature of collective punishment was strong enough to affect iranian morale

containers

demonstration effect

1. Iraq is motivated by the portency terror has on civilians
2. increased use leads to increased terror that affects large populations including Baghdad and Tehran
3. fear of gas was instinctive overpowering - you feel helpless - you panic , you lose morale, you surrender
4. panic flushed out the outnryside in a matter of days, sometimes, hours, villagers who had been hardened to years of air and artillery attacks
5. news of the gassing and Halabja caused surrounding vilalges such as Qaradagh to flee
6. perenial bombardments of conventional military assaults, both artillery and infantry had not come close to what the fear of gas could accomplish
7. a battle of skill is transformed by the trump card of the psychological fear that accompanies the indiscriminating and all encompassing reach of gas.
8. it was not a basic technological advantage that caused the fear which caused the demonstration effect - the Kurds had always been inferiorly armed
9. it was th unique properties of gas its indiscriminating, all encompassing reach

tool of depopulation

1. Kurdish Insurgency was flairing up
2. an insurgents main vulnerability was the rural population that sustained him
3. without it the fighting spirit would be broken, demoralized to the point of peralysis
4. the terror gas caused was put to work to depopulate the villages that support the insurgents
5. ultimatum is given flee or be gassed

collective punishment on kurds (demoralize)

1. de-legitimizes kurdish justification for the insurgency which was generally framed as necessary to protect kurds from the Iraqis - the gas attacks showed that the insurgents were ineffective protection and that perhaps surrender was a better alternative
2. the brutal effectiveness of chemical weapons exposes the hollowness of justifying an insurgency as necessary to protect the population
3. in fact the insurgent is recast as the cause of insecurity
4. the insurgents realize they would be blamed cannot continue we didn't want to casue even more civilian casualties

collective punishment on Iran

1. civilian gas attacks were event though to be a way of demoralizing the Iranian war effort
2. iranians aslo understood the potency of terror to demoralize and did not broadcast Iraqi attacks
3. gassing soldiers was insignificant but gassing civilians was terrifying

summary

82

1. increased use leads to increased casualties and increased terror that affects larfe populations including Baghdad and Tehran
2. Iraq is motivated by the portency terror has on civilians
3. civilian gas attacks were event though to be a way of demoralizing the Iranian war effort

85

1. iranians aslo understood the potency of terror to demoralize and did not broadcast Iraqi attacks
2. so the gas technology was not significant because it was broadcast
3. the terror casued by using gas on civilians is what is significant

86

1. Kurds always were insurgents
2. when they allign with the iranians and realize the mountains give them impunity they can't be bought off
3. two front war develops

92

1. anger was also a factor after kurdish betrayal over Kirkuk attack

93

1. kirkuk attack brings in chemical ali and his affection for gas
2. the teror gas caused was put to work to depopulate the villages that support the insurgents
3. ultimatum is given flee or be gassed
4. significant motive - delegitimizes kurdish justification for the insurgency which was generally framed as necessary to protect kurds from the Iraqis - the gas attacks showed that the insurgents were ineffective protection and that perhaps surrender was a better alternative

94

1. an insurgents main vulnerability was the rural population that sustained him
2. without it the fighting spirit would be broken, demoralized to the point of peralysis
3. the brutal effectiveness of chemical weapons exposes the hollowness of justifying an insurgency as necessary to protect the population
4. in fact the insurgent is recast as the cause of insecurity
5. all previous efforts to depopulate the country side failed
6. the insurgents realize they would be blamed cannot continue we didn't want to casue even more civilian casualties
7. fear of gas was instinctive overpowering - you feel helpless - you panic , you lose morale, you surrender

130

• panic flushed out the outnryside in a matter of days, sometimes, hours, villagers who had been hardened to years of air and artillery attacks

131

• gas was a form of collective punishment for the insurgency
• news of the gassing and Halabja caused surrounding vilalges such as Qaradagh to flee
• perenial bombardments of conventional military assaults, both artillery and infantry had not come close to what the fear of gas could accomplish
• a battle of skill is transformed by the trump card of the psychological fear that accompanies the indiscriminating and all encompassing reach of gas.
• It was not general technological advantage that was responsible for putting down the insurgency it was the unique psychological effects of gas itsself

quotes

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